Extended Data Fig. 2: Excessive calorie intake early in life induces gut dysfunctionality that does not persist later in life.

(a,d,g,j) Mice were fed NC or a HFD early in life, and some were exposed to antibiotics (ABX). (b,e,h,k) Mice fed NC supplemented with coconut oil or vehicle for 2 to 4 weeks after birth. (c,f,i,l) Mice were overfed by reducing litter size (SL) or not (NL). (a,d) Colonic mRNA expression measured at (a-c) 4 weeks or (d-f) 20 weeks of age. (g-i) Levels of lipocalin 2 and (j-l) intestinal permeability measured before colitis induction in adult mice. For a (NC (n=7; litters=5), HFD (n=9; litters=5); NC+ABX (n=6; litters=5); HFD+ABX (n=7; litters=5)); d (NC (n=9; litters=5), HFD (n=9; litters=5), NC+ABX (n=10; litters=4), HFD+ABX (n=10; litters=4)); g,j (n=8/group; litters/group=4). For Vehicle (b (n=7; litters=5), e (n=7; litters=4), h (n=8; litters=6), k (n=6; litters=4)); Coconut oil (b (n=10; litters=6), e (n=7; litters=4), h (n=8; litters=5), k (n=6; litters=4)); Vehicle+ABX (b (n=9; litters=5), e (n=7; litters=4), h (n=8; 6 litters), k (n=6; litters=4)); Coconut oil+ABX (b (n=10; litters=6), e (n=7; litters=4), h (n=8; 5 litters), k (n=6; litters=4)). For NL (c (n=10-14; litters=5-7), d (n=6; litters=3), i (n=8; litters=3), l (n=10; litters=4)); SL (c (n=9-14; litters=5-7), d (n=6; litters=3), i (n=8; litters=4), l (n=10; litters=6)); NL+ABX (c (n=10-14; litters=5-7), d (n=6; litters=3), i (n=8; litters=3), l (n=10; litters=5)); SL+ABX (c (n=9-13; litters=5-8), d (n=6; litters=3), i (n=8; litters=4), l (n=10; litters=6)). (a,g) Post hoc Tukey-adjusted tests following significant (P<0.05, after correction) Analyses of Deviance (mixed-effect models), all ^****P<0.0001; a (Il6 ***P=0.0002, ***P=0.0003; Il33 ***P=0.0009; Reg3b **P=0.005; Reg3g *P=0.01; Tff3 ***P=0.0006, *P=0.01; Fcgbp ***P=0.0001; Muc2 **P=0.0018, **P=0.0025); b (Il6 *P=0.011, *P=0.015; Il22 **P=0.0018, *P=0.036; Tff3 ***P=0.0005; Muc2 **P=0.002); c (Reg3b *P=0.025, **P=0.005; Muc4 **P=0.006). ns = not significant. Data were pooled from two independent experiments. Each dot represents 1 offspring mouse. Dots of same color and symbol represent mouse from same litter. Data are shown as mean±s.e.m.