Extended Data Fig. 1: Increase in serum NEFA by food odor-stimulation in a fasting duration-dependent manner.
From: Food odor perception promotes systemic lipid utilization
a,b, Influence of the fasting duration (a, 6 h vs. 24 h fasting; b, 16 h and 24 h fasting) on the olfactory exploratory behaviors of C57BL/6 J mice in the SOS4 cage with tubes releasing the already- known odors of normal chow diet (NCD), high fat diet (HFD) and high sucrose diet (HSD), and an empty tube (None). The time spent exploring each tube was evaluated. n = 10 biological replicates. Different letters (A, B, and C) represent significant difference based on two-way ANOVA followed by an ANOVA with Tukey’s test in a and by Bonferroni’s test in b. c, Five independent tests to analyze the changes in serum NEFA levels by NCD-odor stimulation in C57BL/6 J mice fasted for 24 h. The respective data are expressed as changes in absolute NEFA levels over time (upper), absolute difference (∆) in NEFA levels from baseline (middle), and percentage changes in NEFA levels from baseline (lower). n = 6–12 biological replicates (as indicated). Overall averages and the standard errors of these five results (same dataset) are shown in Fig. 2b. d,e, Serum NEFA levels during stimulation with or without NCD odor in the 6 h (d) and 16 h fasting state (e) in C57BL/6 J mice. n = 6 biological replicates. f, Apparatus used for forced olfactory stimulation (FOS1) equipped with an air-pump. The tube contained either NCD, HFD, HSD, or none. The odor release from the tube was assisted by an air-pump. g, Serum levels of NEFA (left panel) and β-hydroxybutyrate (right panel, β-OHB) in C57BL/6 J mice that were fasted for 24 h and stimulated with NCD odor in the FOS1 cage. n = 11 (None) and n = 12 (Odor) biological replicates. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 in c-g determined by unpaired two-tailed t-test. Data are presented as mean ± s.e.m.
