Table 5 Pairwise comparisons of the change in cardiometabolic outcomes

From: Effects of different doses of exercise and diet-induced weight loss on beta-cell function in type 2 diabetes (DOSE-EX): a randomized clinical trial

 

HED vs. CONa

 

MED vs. CONa

 

DCON vs. CONa

 

HED vs. DCONa

 

MED vs. DCONa

 

HED vs. MEDa

 

Global P

 

MD (95% CI)

P

MD (95% CI)

P

MD (95% CI)

P

MD (95% CI)

P

MD (95% CI)

P

MD (95% CI)

P

 

Glycemic control

             

HbA1c, mmol/mol

−7 (−9; −5)

<0.001

−7 (−9; −5)

<0.001

−7 (−9; −5)

<0.001

0 (−3; 2)

0.75

0 (−2; 2)

0.93

0 (−2; 2)

0.82

<0.001

HbA1c, %

−1.1 (−1.1; 0.1)

<0.001

−1.1 (−1.1; 0.1)

<0.001

−1.1 (−1.1; 0.1)

<0.001

0.1 (0.1; 0.1)

0.76

0.1 (0.1; 0.1)

0.97

0.1 (0.1; 0.1)

0.79

<0.001

Fasting glucose, mmol/l

−2.1 (−3.1; −1.1)

<0.001

−2.1 (−3.1; −1.1)

<0.001

−2.1 (−3.1; −1.1)

<0.001

0.1 (−1.1; 0.1)

0.30

0.1 (−1.1; 0.1)

0.31

0.1 (−1.1; 1.1)

1.00

<0.001

Fasting insulin, pmol/l

−65 (−97; −34)

<0.001

−61 (−93; −29)

<0.001

−47 (−78; −17)

0.003

−18 (−47; 11)

0.23

−13 (−43; 16)

0.38

−5 (−35; 26)

0.77

<0.001

Fasting C-peptide, pmol/l

−398 (−555; −240)

<0.001

−356 (−515; −196)

<0.001

−250 (−404; −96)

0.001

−147 (−295; 0)

0.050

−105 (−255; 44)

0.17

−42 (−195; 111)

0.59

<0.001

Glucose-lowering medication

             

Reduction, OR

3.7 (1.9; 9.4)

<0.001

5.4 (2.0; 20.1)

<0.001

71.5 (6.2; 4341.4)

<0.001

0.8 (0.1; 3.8)

1.000

0.4 (0.0; 5.4)

0.77

1.8 (0.2; 24.8)

0.88

<0.001

Discontinuation, OR

2.3 (1.3; 4.5)

0.002

2.3 (1.0; 5.7)

0.039

1.6 (0.3; 9.6)

0.81

2.7 (1.1; 7.9)

0.028

3.4 (0.6; 21.6)

0.21

2.2 (0.3; 17.4)

0.55

0.003

Intensification, OR

0.5 (0.2; 0.9)

0.025

0.4 (0.1; 0.9)

0.031

0.1 (0.0; 0.34b)

0.001

1.6 (0.4; ∞b)

0.49

2.6 (0.2; ∞b)

0.46

1.0 (0.1; 14.4)

1.000

0.001

Lipid-lowering medication

             

Intensification, OR

0.5 (0.0; 0.98b)

0.041

0.4 (0.1; 1.3)

0.18

0.2 (0.0; 1.6)

0.16

1.0 (0.0; 6.24b)

1.00

1.1 (0.0; 86.7)

1.00

1.0 (0.0; 37.14b)

0.98

0.031

Blood pressure-lowering medication

             

Reduction, OR

1.2 (0.4; 4.6)

 

1.1 (0.1; 9.8)

 

3.5 (0.2; 216.2)

 

0.7 (0.2; 2.1)

 

1.1 (0.1; 9.8)

 

1.4 (0.1; 90.6)

 

0.70

Discontinuation, OR

NE (0.0; 0.0)

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

Intensification, OR

1.0 (0.2; 4.3)

 

1.0 (0.0; 6.24b)

 

1.0 (0.0; 78.5)

 

1.0 (0.1; 9.1)

 

1.1 (0.0; 40.95b)

 

1.0 (0.0; ∞b)

 

1.00

Lipids

             

LDL cholesterol, mmol/l

0 (0; 0)

 

0 (0; 0)

 

0 (0; 0)

 

0 (0; 0)

 

0 (0; 0)

 

0 (0; 0)

 

0.99

Fasting triglycerides, % change from baseline

−25 (−37; −12)

0.001

−24 (−35; −10)

0.002

−29 (−39; −16)

<0.001

5 (−11; 23)

0.41

7 (−9; 25)

0.57

−2 (−17; 15)

0.80

<0.001

Blood pressure

             

Systolic, mmHg

−4 (−7; −1)

0.021

−6 (−9; −2)

0.001

−4 (−7; 0)

0.039

0 (−4; 3)

0.79

−2 (−6; 1)

0.18

2 (−2; 5)

0.29

0.010

Diastolic, mmHg

−3 (−5; −1)

0.011

−3 (−5; −1)

0.011

−1 (−3; 1)

0.46

−2 (−4; 0)

0.063

−2 (−4; 0)

0.059

0 (−2; 2)

0.95

0.017

Physical fitness

             

Absolute VO2max, ml/min, n = 78

649.9 (461.2; 838.7)

<0.001

318.7 (130.7; 506.7)

0.001

84.0 (−94.3; 262.2)

0.36

566.0 (396.0; 736.0)

<0.001

234.7 (65.6; 403.9)

0.007

331.2 (151.0; 511.4)

<0.001

<0.001

Relative VO2max, ml/kg/min, n = 78

10.3 (8.3; 12.3)

<0.001

6.4 (4.4; 8.4)

<0.001

2.8 (0.9; 4.7)

0.004

7.5 (5.7; 9.3)

<0.001

3.6 (1.8; 5.3)

<0.001

4.0 (2.1; 5.9)

<0.001

<0.001

Watt max, W/kg, n = 78

1.0 (0.8; 1.2)

<0.001

0.7 (0.5; 0.9)

<0.001

0.2 (0.1; 0.4)

0.008

0.8 (0.6; 0.9)

<0.001

0.5 (0.3; 0.6)

<0.001

0.3 (0.1; 0.5)

0.002

<0.001

1 RM chest press, kg, n = 79

5.3 (0.7; 9.9)

0.025

−2.0 (−6.6; 2.7)

0.41

−1.7 (−6.4; 2.9)

0.46

7.0 (3.0; 11.1)

0.001

−0.2 (−4.3; 3.8)

0.91

7.3 (3.2; 11.3)

<0.001

0.001

1 RM chest press, kg/kg body weight, n = 79

0.1 (0.1; 0.2)

<0.001

0.0 (0.0; 0.1)

0.31

0.0 (0.0; 0.1)

0.53

0.1 (0.1; 0.2)

<0.001

0.0 (0.0; 0.1)

0.66

0.1 (0.1; 0.1)

<0.001

<0.001

1 RM leg extension, kg, n = 81

−2.1 (−7.6; 3.3)

 

−2.1 (−7.6; 3.4)

 

−5.5 (−10.9; −0.1)

 

3.3 (−1.7; 8.4)

 

3.4 (−1.8; 8.5)

 

0.0 (−5.2; 5.2)

 

0.241

1 RM leg extension, kg/kg body weight, n = 81

0.1 (0.0; 0.1)

0.028

0.0 (0.0; 0.1)

0.12

0.0 (−0.1; 0.1)

0.91

0.1 (0.0; 0.1)

0.013

0.1 (0.0; 0.1)

0.074

0.0 (0.0; 0.1)

0.52

0.035

Body anthropometrics

             

Body weight, kg

−11.6 (−14.8; −8.4)

<0.001

−10.3 (−13.5; −7.1)

<0.001

−7.1 (−10.2; −4.0)

<0.001

−4.5 (−7.5; −1.4)

0.004

−3.2 (−6.2; −0.1)

0.043

−1.3 (−4.5; 1.8)

0.40

<0.001

BMI, kg/m2

−3.7 (−4.7; −2.7)

<0.001

−3.3 (−4.3; −2.3)

<0.001

−2.3 (−3.3; −1.3)

<0.001

−1.4 (−2.4; −0.5)

0.004

−1.0 (−1.9; 0.0)

0.044

−0.4 (−1.4; 0.5)

0.38

<0.001

  1. Data are estimated means with 95% confidence intervals unless stated otherwise. Reduction, Discontinuation and Intensification are defined as in Table 4. NE, not estimable. If Global P is >0.1, P values are not reported for between-group comparisons. Continuous data were analyzed using a constrained baseline longitudinal model, and ordinal variables were analyzed using exact logistic regression. P values are two-sided. No corrections for multiple comparisons were performed because of sparse data in medication changes. aReference category for the logistic regression analyses. When zero-event data were observed, a continuity correction was used that was inversely proportional to the relative size of the opposite group.
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