Fig. 3: Trigonelline supplementation enhances the lifespan and ameliorates age-related muscle decline and mitochondrial dysfunction in C. elegans.
a, Experimental design of compound treatments at 1 mM started from day 1 of adulthood (D1) in N2 WT worms. Illustration created with BioRender.com. b, Lifespan in trigonelline-treated worms (log-rank test, n = 90 worms per group). c, Relative NAD+ levels in aged worms on day 8 (D8). Unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t-test, n = 6 biological replicates per group). d, mitochondrial and nuclear DNA in aged worms (D8). Unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t-test, n = 12 worms per group). e, mRNA expression of mitochondrial genes in worms treated with trigonelline (unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t-test, n = 6 biological replicates per group). f, Basal and maximal OCR in L4 worms treated from the embryo stage (unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t-test, n = 36 animals per group). g, Confocal images (left) and quantitative integrity scoring (right) of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labelled muscle fibres in adult (D1) and aged (D11) RAW1596 (myo-3p::GFP) worms (one-way ANOVA, n = 6 worms and 9–31 sarcomeres per group). Scale bar, 10 µm. h, Percentage of paralyzed aged worms (D11) (n = 3 independent experiments, unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test). i, Spontaneous mobility of worms at different ages (unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t-test, n = 33–49 worms per group). j, Relative NAD+ levels in D1 adult worms treated from the embryo stage and fed with control (empty vector (e.v.)) or nrpt-1 RNA interference (RNAi) (one-way ANOVA, n = 6–14 biological replicates per group). k, Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA in worms treated as in j (one-way ANOVA, n = 10–12 animals per group). l,m, Lifespan of control (e.v.), nrpt-1 RNAi (l) and sir-2.1 RNAi (m) worms (log-rank test, n = 100 animals per group). n, Spontaneous mobility of control (e.v.), nrpt-1 RNAi and sir-2.1 RNAi worms at D6 (unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t-test, n = 63–123 individual worms per group). All data are expressed as the mean ± s.e.m. with *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001. Individual P values of the worms per group are reported in Fig. 3 of the Source data.
