Extended Data Fig. 3: External validation for ageing-related proteins and performance of ageing-related proteins to predict age.

a, Volcano plot for the associations between age and the 86 serum proteins (identified as significant in both GNHS discovery cohort and GNHS validations cohort) by linear mixed models adjusted for sex, measurement batch and instrument in the external validation cohort (124 participants with 200 serum samples). Red (positive) and blue dots (negative) represent serum proteins that are significantly associated with age (FDR < 0.05). b, Comparison of the associations between age and the 86 proteins in the GNHS discovery cohort and external validation cohort. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) for the associations between the two cohorts is indicated. Red (positive) and blue dots (negative) represent serum proteins that are significantly associated with age in both two cohorts (FDR < 0.05). c-e, Performance of the GLMMLasso model using 83 proteins to predict age within the remaining GNHS discovery cohort (1583 observations) (c), the GNHS validation cohort (2928 observations) (d), and the external validation cohort (200 observations) (e). The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) between the chronological and predicted age are indicated.