Fig. 7: Determinants of PHAS and its comprising proteins.
a, Variance of the whole set of 22 serum proteins and the PHAS explained by indicated factor groups among 1,325 participants who had multi-omics data available from the GNHS discovery cohort. The explained variance of the 22 serum proteins was estimated by using PERMANOVA with backward feature selection. The explained variance of PHAS was estimated by using linear models including variables selected by the LASSO method. Detailed results are presented in Supplementary Table 15. b, Variance of each of the 22 serum proteins explained by the indicated factor groups among the 1,325 participants, estimated by using linear regressions including variables selected by the LASSO method. Detailed results are presented in Supplementary Table 16. c, Associations between PHAS and each of the 18 microbial species that contributed to the variance explanation of PHAS among the 1,325 participants. Linear models were used with adjustments for age, sex and BMI. The y axis indicates two-sided P values. Q values were estimated using the Benjamini–Hochberg approach. Red and blue circles represent significant positive and negative associations at Q < 0.05. Detailed results are presented in Supplementary Table 17. The grey circles represent microbial species that were not associated with PHAS (Q value ≥ 0.05). d,e, Associations between PHAS and gut microbial score in the GNHS discovery cohort (n = 1,325) (d) and the external validation cohort (n = 34) (e). Linear models were used with adjustments for age, sex and BMI. The red lines represent the fitted linear association, and the shaded regions represent 95% CIs. Two-sided P values are indicated.
