Extended Data Fig. 6: Metabolomic profiling of gastric and duodenal aspirates.

Repeated-Measures, Monte Carlo Cross-Validation, Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (RM-MCCV-PLS-DA) models on 1H-NMR spectra derived from gastric and duodenal aspirates comparing participants receiving Broken, Intact-S, or Intact-C meal pre- and postprandial 60 min. Dots represent individual participant metabolic profiles. Abbreviations: Q2Y, capability of prediction; R2Y, explained variance. Model scores: (A) Intact-S vs. Broken, gastric T = 0 (n = 6, R2Y 0.92, Q2Y −0.89). (B) Intact-S vs. Intact-C, gastric T = 0 (n = 7, R2Y 0.66, Q2Y −4.60). (C) Intact-S vs. Broken, gastric postprandial T = 60 min (n = 8, R2Y 0.99, Q2Y 0.86). (D) Intact-C vs. Broken, gastric postprandial T = 60 min (n = 10, R2Y Y 0.97, Q2Y 0.88). (E) Intact-S vs. Broken, duodenal postprandial T = 60 min (n = 7, R2Y 0.99, Q2Y 0.57). (F) Intact-C vs. Broken, duodenal postprandial T = 60 min (n = 7, R2Y 0.99, Q2Y 0.73).