Fig. 6: Food structure impacted gastric and duodenal metabolomics. | Nature Metabolism

Fig. 6: Food structure impacted gastric and duodenal metabolomics.

From: Upper-gastrointestinal tract metabolite profile regulates glycaemic and satiety responses to meals with contrasting structure: a pilot study

Fig. 6: Food structure impacted gastric and duodenal metabolomics.

a, Overviewing mean 1H-NMR spectrum of duodenal aspirates with annotations for peak assignments. Chemical shifts for NMR peak assignments are reported in Supplementary Table 7. b–e, RM-MCCV-PLS-DA models on 1H-NMR spectra derived from gastric and duodenal aspirates comparing participants receiving Broken and Intact-S/Intact-C meal at postprandial 30 and 120 min. Dots represent individual participant metabolic profiles. Q2Y, capability of prediction; R2Y, explained variance. Model scores: gastric postprandial (b) T = 30 (n = 9, R2Y 0.97, Q2Y 0.89). Gastric postprandial (c) T = 120 (n = 9, R2Y 0.99, Q2Y 0.89). Duodenal postprandial (d) T = 30 (n = 5, R2Y 0.99, Q2Y 0.57). Duodenal postprandial (e) T = 120 (n = 8, R2Y 0.89, Q2Y 0.71). f, List of luminal metabolites that were significantly associated with food structure interventions at postprandial 30 and 120 min (adj. P values < 0.05). P values were adjusted for multiple testing using the Benjamini–Hochberg false discovery rate (FDR) and reported in Supplementary Table 8. G30, gastric T = 30 min; G120, gastric T = 120 min; D30, duodenal T = 30 min; D120, duodenal T = 120 min; BA, bile acid; TCBA, taurine-conjugated BA; GCBA, glycine-conjugated BA.

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