Fig. 6: Overview of effects of IRAK4 inhibition by TMA on metabolic response to HFD.

TMA is synthesized from dietary choline (1) by the gut microbiota (2) and specifically inhibits IRAK4 activity (3). This inhibition blunts the TLR signalling pathway (induced by LPS and saturated free fatty acids), leading to an improvement of metabolic response to HFD (for example, glucose homoeostasis). Image adapted from Servier Medical Art (https://smart.servier.com), licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0).