Table 1 Summary of the key features of the three case studies.
MUR | London | Tianjin | Bangkok |
|---|---|---|---|
Global PCS | Biomass fuel | Industrial materials | Seafood |
Case | Replacing imported biomass fuel with local waste heat as source of energy | Industrial symbiosis | Sustainability standards and labels |
MUR role in PCS | Consumer | Producer | Trader |
Population in 2015 (millions)a | 8.7–10.2 | 15.5 | 10.6 |
Hinterlands Impacts | Land-use and atmosphere | Land-use and atmosphere | Coastal land, marine and atmosphere |
Governance Innovation | City government pushes for lower emission fuels | Boundary organization facilitates match-making between industries | Public-private mix sets or adopts Minimum and Voluntary standards and labels |
Operational Approach | Decentralized energy at prices lower than from national grid | Smaller number of supply chains | Leveraging the pull of retailers & brands |
Impacts | Reduces reliance on hinterlands Reduce GHG emissions | Reduces reliance on hinterlands Reduce GHG emissions Reduces amount of raw materials, reduces solid waste. | Aquatic Hinterlands used more sustainably Demonstration value to other firms/sectors of carbon-footprinting |
