Fig. 4: Structural equation models for greenspaces and natural environments.
From: Urban greenspaces and nearby natural areas support similar levels of soil ecosystem services
Direct and indirect relationships between spatial (latitude, longitude), climate (MAP, MAT), size, age, management factors (irrigation, fertilisation, mowing), soils organic matter [OM], soil total nitrogen [TN] and total phosphorus [P], soil pH, soil texture [sand content] and the weighted ecosystem multiservices (EMS) for a greenspaces and b natural areas. Red, blue and grey vectors represent negative, positive and mixed relationships, respectively, and values on the vectors represent the path coefficients. c Standardised total effects (STE), i.e., the sum of direct and indirect effects of each of the attributes on ecosystem multiservices. Note that the model for natural areas does not contain information on management factors (mowing, fertilising, irrigating). The variance explained by the model (R2) of each parameter is given. Non-significant relationships are not shown. Model fit: Greenspace: χ2 = 0.28, df = 1, P = 0.594, NFI = 0.99; Natural area: χ2 = 0.423, df = 1, P = 0.516, NFI = 0.99.
