Fig. 5: Schematic representation of the social-ecological system (SES) framework.
The solid arrow links represent the processes of multiple variables shaping the outcomes through their interactions, while the dashed arrows represent feedback from the outcomes to the social and ecological system domains. a Social-ecological interactions revised from Ostrom (2009)25. The interactions among key social and ecological variable are mediated by the broader actions and responses in SES and can result in various ecological and social outcomes. b Conceptual framework showing how NbS-FRM can bridge the social and ecological system domains. This framework illustrates the social-ecological interactions induced by NbS interventions, including coupling of social and ecological factors (D1), linking of human activities with hydrological responses (D2), and balancing of potential tradeoff effects (D3) in the NbS-FRM related social-ecological system.
