Fig. 7: Visual attention analysis of urban safety perception using CAM heat maps.

Street-level images and their corresponding attention maps illustrate how the model interprets environmental features associated with different safety perceptions. The upper panel shows scenes typically perceived as less safe, where attention often focuses on elements such as vacant lots, scattered debris, and deteriorating infrastructure. The lower panel displays environments generally perceived as safer, where the model typically highlights features such as well-maintained buildings, organized parking, and street trees. Heat map colors range from blue (low attention) to red (high attention), indicating regions most influential in the model’s safety assessment.