Fig. 5: Road perturbation and agency cost.
From: Local damages drive network-wide costs in compound flood-prone coastal city
a Road inundation under coastal, fluvial, pluvial, compound, and composite flood scenarios for a 100-year return period, with the inset pie chart illustrating the percentage of inundated roads under individual, compound, and composite scenarios. b Temporal evolution of road perturbation over 72 hours due to flood inundation, showing tidal-wave induced inundation (coastal), road impacts from river overflow (fluvial), stormwater drainage overflow during extreme precipitation (pluvial), and corresponding time series for compound and composite scenarios. c Ward-wise financial losses from direct flooding impacts on the road network, depicting the average agency cost of road repairs under coastal, fluvial, pluvial, compound, and composite flooding. The gradient from light to dark gold indicates the range of ward-level agency costs, from lowest to highest. d Overall agency cost estimates across the study region for baseline, 50-year, and 100-year return periods under coastal, fluvial, pluvial, and compound flood scenarios. The composite scenario represents a linear combination of coastal, pluvial, and fluvial flood scenarios. Uncertainty bounds reflect variations in monetary values based on flood depth-to-damage relationships.
