Table 2 Spearman correlation coefficients between selected variables

	Stocking rate	P input fertilizer	Total P input	P surplus	P loss	P loss (FPCM)	N input fertilizer	Total N input	N surplus	N loss
P input fertilizer	0.459^**
Total P input	0.550^***	0.894^***
P surplus	0.036	0.685^**	0.774^***
P loss	−0.144	−0.261	−0.163	−0.193
P loss (FPCM)	−0.323	−0.664^*	−0.664^*	−0.336	0.932^***
N input fertilizer	0.449^***	0.154	0.039	−0.336	−0.064	−0.090
Total N input	0.451^***	0.142	0.119	−0.203	0.004	0.055	0.828^***
N surplus	0.823^***	−0.293	−0.160	−0.332	0.108	−0.147	0.717^***	0.803^***
N loss	0.284^**	0.159	0.019	0.225	−0.278	−0.342	0.082	0.171	0.369^***
N loss (FPCM)	−0.122	−0.506	−0.506	0.550	−0.383	0.174	0.034	−0.097	−0.112	0.847^***

In this analysis we consider stocking rate (cow ha⁻¹) as well as N and P inputs (fertilizer or fertilizer plus manure indicates total, all in kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), surplus (kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) and loss by leaching and runoff (kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ and g FPCM yr⁻¹). All units are in kg (N or P) ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ except N and P losses as kg FPCM⁻¹ and stocking rate, which was recorded as cow ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ across the farm. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.

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