Table 4 Nitrogen and phosphorus combined runoff and leaching losses from each location and system per hectare on-farm area and per kilogram of FPCM, along with annual surplus N and P and GHG emissions

From: Limiting grazing periods combined with proper housing can reduce nutrient losses from dairy systems

Location

System

N loss (kg ha1)

N loss (g kg−1 FPCM)

N surplus (kg ha−1)

P loss (kg ha1)

P loss (g kg−1 FPCM)

P surplus (kg P ha−1)

Annual GHG losses (t CO2-eq ha−1)

Annual GHG losses (kg CO2-eq kg FPCM−1)

Manawatu, New Zealand

Grazed

16

1.1

146

1.68

0.110

15

16

1.04

Hybrid

8

0.5

204

1.57

0.088

13

21

1.15

 

Confined

12

0.5

268

3.45

0.150

28

26

1.12

Canterbury, New Zealand

Grazed

32

2.6

157

0.42

0.034

40

14

1.09

Hybrid

27

1.8

200

0.56

0.038

26

16

1.06

 

Confined

11

0.6

202

0.73

0.043

13

18

1.04

Pennsylvania, United States

Grazed

36

6.0

130

1.05

0.175

4

7

1.15

Hybrid

41

4.7

110

1.76

0.202

1

8

0.92

 

Confined

46

4.6

136

1.70

0.170

1

10

0.99

New York, United States

Grazed

35

4.8

122

0.15

0.021

8

6

0.86

Hybrid

35

3.9

125

0.86

0.096

4

10

1.08

 

Confined

39

3.7

123

1.23

0.116

2

9

0.89

Friesland, the Netherlands

Grazed

31

2.4

97

0.15

0.007

2

12

0.98

Hybrid

43

2.8

121

0.15

0.009

2

14

0.91

Confined

29

1.6

146

0.13

0.012

0

15

0.84

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