Fig. 1: EU-27 EF by consumption categories (left) and BC by land types (right) in selected years (2004–2014). | Nature Food

Fig. 1: EU-27 EF by consumption categories (left) and BC by land types (right) in selected years (2004–2014).

From: EU-27 ecological footprint was primarily driven by food consumption and exceeded regional biocapacity from 2004 to 2014

Fig. 1: EU-27 EF by consumption categories (left) and BC by land types (right) in selected years (2004–2014).The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

The EF consists of five major categories: food, goods, housing, personal transportation and services. Food, in turn, includes a number of food typologies, that is, bread and cereals; milk, cheese and eggs; fruit; meat; plant-based oils and fats; vegetables; non-alcoholic beverages; fish and seafood; animal-based oils and fats; sugar, jam, honey, chocolate, confectionery and alcoholic beverages; food products not elsewhere classified (n.e.c.). This classification is based on the United Nations COICOP coding system. BC consists of five land types: cropland (for the provision of plant-based food, feeds and fibre products), grazing land (for the production of animal products); fishing grounds (for the production of fish products); forests (for the production of timber and other forest products, and for CO2 sequestration); and built-up surfaces (for the provision of shelter and other urban infrastructures).

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