Extended Data Fig. 2: Relationships of effect sizes of rice yield (a-h), CH4 emission (i-p) against environmental factors, respectively.

The abbreviation SN (orange) stands for substitution of synthetic N with organic N source and AN (blue) represents addition of extra organic N source to synthetic N. Dot sizes represent weights of effect sizes in individual studies for the meta-analysis. The solid lines or curves are average slopes and shaded bands refer to 95% confidence intervals. Statistical significance was obtained with a two-sided Student’s t-test. n, number of observations.