Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study population
Diversity of flavonoid intake | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total population (n = 124,805) | Q1 (n = 24,961) | Q2 (n = 24,961) | Q3 (n = 24,961) | Q4 (n = 24,961) | Q5 (n = 24,961) | |
Demographic and lifestyle characteristics | ||||||
Sex (female) | 69,674 (55.8%) | 13,666 (54.7%) | 14,103 (56.5%) | 13,855 (55.5%) | 13,752 (55.1%) | 14,298 (57.3%) |
Age (years) | 60.2 [53.0–65.2] | 59.2 [52.1–64.7] | 60.2 [53.1–65.2] | 60.2 [53.0–65.3] | 60.6 [53.3–65.4] | 60.7 [53.3–65.4] |
BMI (kg m−2) | ||||||
Underweight (<18.5) | 719 (0.6%) | 131 (0.5%) | 152 (0.6%) | 153 (0.6%) | 148 (0.6%) | 135 (0.5%) |
Healthy weight (18.5 to <25) | 48,693 (39.0%) | 8,922 (35.7%) | 9,765 (39.1%) | 9,883 (39.6%) | 9,988 (40.0%) | 10,135 (40.6%) |
Overweight (25 to <30) | 50,833 (40.7%) | 10,281 (41.2%) | 10,216 (40.9%) | 10,077 (40.4%) | 10,105 (40.5%) | 10,154 (40.7%) |
Obese (≥30) | 24,278 (19.5%) | 5,559 (22.3%) | 4,767 (19.1%) | 4,796 (19.2%) | 4,669 (18.7%) | 4,487 (18.0%) |
Ethnicity | ||||||
Asian | 1,463 (1.2%) | 235 (0.9%) | 295 (1.2%) | 346 (1.4%) | 331 (1.3%) | 256 (1.0%) |
Black | 966 (0.8%) | 112 (0.4%) | 152 (0.6%) | 203 (0.8%) | 231 (0.9%) | 268 (1.1%) |
Mixed | 668 (0.5%) | 105 (0.4%) | 107 (0.4%) | 141 (0.6%) | 147 (0.6%) | 168 (0.7%) |
Other | 723 (0.6%) | 93 (0.4%) | 108 (0.4%) | 158 (0.6%) | 175 (0.7%) | 189 (0.8%) |
White | 120,569 (96.6%) | 24,336 (97.5%) | 24,217 (97.0%) | 24,020 (96.2%) | 23,994 (96.1%) | 24,002 (96.2%) |
Smoking status | ||||||
Current | 8,577 (6.9%) | 2,375 (9.5%) | 1,521 (6.1%) | 1,471 (5.9%) | 1,574 (6.3%) | 1,636 (6.6%) |
Never | 71,321 (57.1%) | 14,185 (56.8%) | 14,901 (59.7%) | 14,655 (58.7%) | 14,149 (56.7%) | 13,431 (53.8%) |
Previous | 44,640 (35.8%) | 8,346 (33.4%) | 8,489 (34.0%) | 8,781 (35.2%) | 9,180 (36.8%) | 9,844 (39.4%) |
Alcohol intake (g d−1) | 10.0 [2.6–20.0] | 7.1 [0.3–17.143] | 8.6 [1.4–17.1] | 8.6 [2.3–18.6] | 11.4 [2.9–20.0] | 12.9 [5.7–24.3] |
MET-h per week | 19.6 [8.5–38.9] | 16.8 [6.8–36.4] | 19.1 [8.2–38.4] | 19.9 [9.0–39.0] | 20.55 [9.2–39.6] | 21.4 [10.0–40.6] |
Education | ||||||
Low | 17,122 (13.7%) | 4,410 (17.7%) | 3,583 (14.4%) | 3,275 (13.1%) | 3,065 (12.3%) | 2,789 (11.2%) |
Medium | 21,180 (17.0%) | 5,078 (20.3%) | 4,418 (17.7%) | 4,078 (16.3%) | 3,969 (15.9%) | 3,637 (14.6%) |
High | 78,015 (62.5%) | 12,850 (51.5%) | 15,121 (60.6%) | 16,053 (64.3%) | 16,568 (66.4%) | 17,423 (69.8%) |
Townsend deprivation index | −1.6 (2.8) | −1.6 (2.9) | −1.8 (2.7) | −1.7 (2.8) | −1.6 (2.8) | −1.5 (2.9) |
Medical history | ||||||
Hypertensive | 32,877 (26.3%) | 6,972 (27.9%) | 6,531 (26.2%) | 6,508 (26.1%) | 6,423 (25.7%) | 6,443 (25.8%) |
Hypercholesterolaemic | 19,827 (15.9%) | 4,059 (16.3%) | 3,913 (15.7%) | 3,937 (15.8%) | 3,918 (15.7%) | 4,000 (16.0%) |
Diabetes (type 1 or 2) | 5,162 (4.1%) | 1,164 (4.7%) | 1,061 (4.3%) | 1,051 (4.2%) | 983 (3.9%) | 903 (3.6%) |
Dietary characteristics | ||||||
Energy (kJ d−1) | 8,397.0 [7,177.3–9,753.4] | 8,051.4 [6,842.5–9,364.9] | 8,361.1 [7,170.5–9,699.1] | 8,506.6 [7,301.8–9,857.6] | 8,543.4 [7,308.1–9,909.5] | 8,532.8 [7,295.0–9,923.2] |
Total flavonoids (mg d−1) | 792.3 [451.4–1,118.6] | 1,100.8 [833.7–1,347.3] | 976.5 [691.8–1,251.1] | 800.8 [455.8–1,087.7] | 608.8 [330.6–906.6] | 491.6 [322.8–714.4] |
Total flavonoid (Hill number per day) | 9.4 [7.6–11.5] | 6.4 [5.8–6.9] | 8.0 [7.6–8.4] | 9.4 [9.1–9.8] | 11.0 [10.6–11.5] | 13.1 [12.5–14.1] |
Flavonoid-rich food (Hill number per day) | 2.7 [1.9–3.6] | 1.6 [1.3–2.0] | 2.4 [1.9–2.8] | 2.9 [2.3–3.5] | 3.4 [2.6–4.1] | 3.8 [2.9–4.8] |
Flavan-3-ols (mg d−1) | 706.1 [374.2–1,020.3] | 1,032.1 [781.9–1,268.8] | 898.8 [632.0–1,152.3] | 716.6 [397.1–980.4] | 528.5 [257.1–797.4] | 392.3 [240.8–589.6] |
Anthocyanins (mg d−1) | 20.5 [7.1–40.2] | 5.5 [2.3–14.4] | 16.0 [6.2–30.1] | 21.5 [8.6–39.0] | 28.5 [13.5–49.5] | 40.5 [23.3–63.3] |
Flavanols (mg d−1) | 31.7 [20.2–43.5] | 41.3 [31.8–49.9] | 37.5 [27.2–48.0] | 31.6 [19.8–42.7] | 25.8 [15.9–36.9] | 22.9 [16.0–31.8] |
Flavanones (mg d−1) | 17.9 [5.3–35.7] | 6.7 [1.3–20.4] | 14.8 [4.1–31.2] | 18.9 [6.4–36.3] | 21.6 [8.5–39.6] | 26.9 [12.9–44.4] |
Flavones (mg d−1) | 0.9 [0.5–1.4] | 0.5 [0.2–0.8] | 0.8 [0.4–1.2] | 0.9 [0.5–1.5] | 1.1 [0.6–1.7] | 1.2 [0.8–1.8] |
Red/processed meat (servings per day) | 0.8 [0.3–1.3] | 0.9 [0.4–1.5] | 0.8 [0.3–1.3] | 0.7 [0.3–1.3] | 0.7 [0.3–1.3] | 0.7 [0.3–1.3] |
Whole grains (servings per day) | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 1.67 (1.0–2.8) | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) |
Refined grains (servings per day) | 0.8 [0.3–1.5] | 1.0 [0.5–2.0] | 0.8 [0.3–1.5] | 0.8 [0.3–1.5] | 0.7 [0.3–1.4] | 0.7 [0.3–1.3] |
Coffee intake (cups per day) | 0.0 [0.0–1.0] | 0.0 [0.0–1.0] | 0.0 [0.0–1.0] | 0.0 [0.0–1.0] | 0.0 [0.0–1.0] | 0.0 [0.0–1.0] |
Sugary drinks (servings per day) | 0.1 [0.0–0.7] | 0.2 [0.0–0.7] | 0.2 [0.0–0.7] | 0.2 [0.0–0.7] | 0.2 [0.0–0.7] | 0.0 [0.0–0.7] |
Saturated fat (g d−1) | 25.7 [19.7–32.7] | 25.9 [19.9–32.9] | 26.1 [20.1–33.2] | 26.0 [19.9–33.2] | 25.4 [19.5–32.5] | 24.8 [18.9–31.7] |
Sodium (g d−1) | 1.9 [1.5–2.3] | 1.9 [1.5–2.3] | 1.9 [1.5–2.3] | 1.9 [1.5–2.3] | 1.8 [1.5–2.3] | 1.8 [1.5–2.3] |
