Fig. 1: Preparation of SiOC-WOx gradient CMC films.

a–c Schematic diagram for the fabrication of SiOC-WOx gradient CMC films with ink-jet printing and laser sintering. d, e Two mechanisms of self-gradient establishment. In the ink-jet printing, the SiC and W nanoparticles are deposited in a transitional manner in the depth direction due to the large density difference. In the laser sintering, the oxidation and densification of CMC vary in the depth direction.