Fig. 2: Construction of Dynamic hydrogen bond network.

a Molecular model of HA. b Electrostatic potential and binding energy between binder and polysulfide. c FT-IR Spectra. d S 2p XPS spectra. e 1H NMR analysis probing the HA–Li2S4 interactions within a simulated battery environment (1H NMR spectra over 5 days). f Molecular dynamics simulation snapshots of the interaction between HA binder and polysulfides. g The RDF of interaction between HA binder and Li+.