Fig. 3: Absorption and transformation of polysulfide.

a DFT calculations for the binding energies among diffent binder and LiPSs. b Photographs of the LiPSs adsorption experiment. c UV–vis spectrum with different samples after immersion in Li2S4 solution for 24 h. d S 2p XPS spectra for HA binder soaked with Li2S4. e Sulfur K-edge XAS of different binder electrode after exposure to polysulfide solution. f In-situ time-resolved Raman image of the S@HA cathode.