Fig. 1: Fabrication of mQDs-based multidimensionally encoded optical PUFs.

a AlphaGo inspired PUF, b High entropy FRET-based PUF concept, c nanoimprint Lithography process for replicable nano-patterned films and QD spin coating process, d SEM images before and after QD coating on nanopattern films and luminescence variation based on the concentration ratio and arrangement of two QD particles under UV illumination, e Principle of FRET as a Jablonski diagram, f Color-shifting effect: fluorescence excitation and emission spectra of a FRET donor–acceptor pair (As the FRET efficiency increases, the emission of the donor decreases (Green ↓), while the emission of the acceptor increases (Red ↑). The gray patterned region highlights the overlap between the donor emission spectrum and the absorption spectrum of the acceptor).