Fig. 1: Overview of PEC reaction setup and applications of Si to drive various PEC reactions.

a A schematic representation of a three-electrode PEC cell. WE working electrode, CE counter electrode, RE reference electrode. Current vs. potential plots comparing b Electrochemical (EC) and PEC H2 evolution reaction (HER) and c EC and PEC OER. d Overlay of the solar spectrum and optical absorption spectra of polished thin Si wafer, g-C3N4, and Ta3N5, all measured in diffuse reflection mode using an integrating sphere. The theoretical maximum solar-to-hydrogen (STH) energy conversion efficiency is mentioned above the spectral overlay. e Potential applications of Si nanostructures for various PEC reactions.