Fig. 4: Spatial changes in the tropical convective zone with precipitation and SST.

a–c precipitation changes relative to the present day (2000) for a ramp-up (2055–2085), b ramp-down (2195–2225), and c the difference (ramp-down minus ramp-up). Contour indicates a convective zone, defined as precipitation more than 4 mm d⁻¹, in the present day. Red stipples in (a) and (b) indicate an expanded convective zone, while blue stipples indicate a reduced convective zone relative to the present day. The stipples in (c) show the change in the convective zone from ramp-up to ramp-down. d–f. Same as (a)–(c) but for the SST.