Fig. 1: Marsh-fronted vertical seawall configuration.

a Schematic of marsh-fronted vertical seawall annotated with benefit and cost components considered in the benefit-cost analysis (BCA). b Summary of model parameters based on Vuik et al.51.

a Schematic of marsh-fronted vertical seawall annotated with benefit and cost components considered in the benefit-cost analysis (BCA). b Summary of model parameters based on Vuik et al.51.