Fig. 3: Cross-model cost-optimal contribution of afforestation and emission reduction to achieve China’s 2060 carbon neutrality target.

A Cost-optimal CO2 removal through afforestation. B Cost-optimal CO2 emission reduction. C CO2 removal through afforestation as a percentage of total abatement. D Emission reductions as a percentage of total abatement. Enhanced carbon removal refers to the increase in CO2 removal in the previous decade. Emission reduction refers to the decrease in emissions in the previous decade.