Fig. 5: Annual TER variation trend of CIML-TER (2001–2020).

a Theil–Sen trend, b relative Theil–Sen trend. These figures only show the region with significant trend (Mann–Kendall trend test, p < 0.05), and the region with non-significant trend or no data is plot in gray color. The frequency histogram is located at each figure’s lower left corner. For the trend maps of Fluxcom and LGS-Reco products, see Supplementary Figs. 5 and 6.