Fig. 1: Study site location in the Madre de Dios Valley, Peru.

a Regional map of the Madre de Dios watershed with zones of suction mining (yellow) and excavation mining (brown) from Caballero-Espejo et al.5 demarcated. b Locational map of the Madre de Dios region. Locational maps of electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) and hydraulic conductivity (HC) sampling sites for excavation mining sites (c) and suction mining sites (d). White inset boxes indicate areas of profiles in Fig. 3, and yellow dashed inset box demarcates area in Fig. 4 with 2024 base imagery (Imagery © Planet Labs PBC 2024. All rights reserved).