Fig. 6: Soil property differences (temperature, moisture and hydraulic conductivity) between mined and forested sites.
a Temperature sensor time series from different land covers. Three sensors (two from sand, one from the pond adjacent) were stolen from the sites during fall of 2023, while the clay loam site sensor was consumed by ants during the same period. b Drone-paired optical and thermal images showing systematically higher temperatures in deforested regions versus primary forest. Temperatures calculated from radiometric image for humidity 80%, surface emissivity 0.90, and reflected temperature 28.0 °C. c Soil moisture time series from different land covers; legend as for (a). d Field saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs) and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (k) across sites. Los Amigos Field Station on the Madre de Dios River is included as a second control site characterized by primary forest.
