Fig. 2: Spatial distribution of global trends in soil moisture over the past 40 years derived from multiple datasets (a–d show SM indices).

a ERA SM (1982–2020); b GLEAM SM (1982–2020); c ERA SM (2000–2020); d GLEAM SM (2000–2020); and e presents a box-and-whisker plot illustrating soil moisture dynamics across seven major global vegetation types: evergreen forests (EF), deciduous forests (DF), mixed forests (MF), scrublands (SB), savannahs (SN), grasslands (GL), and croplands (CL).