Table 1 Carbon, oxygen and clumped isotope compositions of soil carbonates from mudstone paleosols of the Esplugafreda and Claret Formations, Esplugafreda sequence, Spain

From: Substantial continental temperature rise over the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum in the Pyrenees

Sample code	Section	Depth (m)	Composite depth (m)	Analysis period	N	δ¹³C_carb [VPDB, ‰]	±1 SD
Yellowish Soils / Claret Formation [PETM body]
ITS/E-YS1	ITS/east/sec. #4	4.3	39.3	7–16 Jul 2022	14	−11.68	0.13
ITS/E-YS1	ITS/east/sec. #4	4.3	39.3	17–22 Jul 2023	10	−11.64	0.16
ITS/E-YS1_d1	ITS/east/sec. #4	4.3	39.3	2–6 Oct 2023	11	−12.01	0.11
ITS/E-YS1_d2	ITS/east/sec. #4	4.3	39.3	2–6 Oct 2023	12	−12.45	0.12
ITS/E-YS1_d3	ITS/east/sec. #4	4.3	39.3	3–7 Oct 2023	12	−12.63	0.02
ITS/E-YS3	ITS/east/sec. #4	3.7	38.7	3–8 Feb 2023	12	−13.20	0.04
ITS/E-YS5	ITS/east/sec. #4	3.1	38.1	2–19 Jul 2022	15	−10.36	0.14
ITS/E-YS7	ITS/east/sec. #4	2.5	37.5	4–9 Feb 2023	12	−10.12	0.17
ITS/E-YS9	ITS/east/sec. #4	1.9	36.9	1–18 Jul 2022	15	−11.22	0.15
ITS/E-YS9_d1	ITS/east/sec. #4	1.9	36.9	3–7 Oct 2023	12	−13.12	0.13
ITS/E-YS9_d2	ITS/east/sec. #4	1.9	36.9	3–7 Oct 2023	12	−12.49	0.08
ITS/E-YS9_d3	ITS/east/sec. #4	1.9	36.9	3–7 Oct 2023	12	−12.29	0.06
ITS/E-YS13	ITS/east/sec. #4	0.7	35.7	2–19 Jul 2022	15	−12.58	0.17
ITS/E-YS13	ITS/east/sec. #4	0.7	35.7	18–22 Jul 2022	12	−12.53	0.08
ITS/E-YS13	ITS/east/sec. #4	0.7	35.7	29 Aug–3 Sep 2023	11	−12.42	0.05
ITS/W-YS2	ITS/west/sec. #6	16	36	9–16 Jul 2022	15	−11.51	0.11
ITS/W-YS4	ITS/west/sec. #6	14	34	8–16 Jul 2022	15	−12.18	0.06
ITS/W-YS7	ITS/west /sec. #6	11	31	8–16 Jul 2022	17	−12.35	0.06
ITS/W-YS7	ITS/west/sec. #6	11	31	3–8 Feb 2023	12	−13.45	0.03
ITS/W-YS10	ITS/west/sec. #6	8	28	1–18 July 2022	16	−13.84	0.02
ITS/W-YS10	ITS/west/sec. #6	8	28	29 Aug–2 Sep 2023	11	−13.74	0.03
Esplugafreda Formation vertisols [late Paleocene]
ITS-EF sc 5.3	ITS/east/sec. #5/prof. #1	5.3	61.3	2–19 Jul 2022	12	−6.36	0.06
ITS-EF sc 5.3	ITS/east/sec. #5/prof. #1	5.3	61.3	5–11 May 2023	12	−6.29	0.06
ITS-EF sc 6.6	ITS/east/sec. #5/prof. #1	6.6	62.6	24 Oct–8 Nov 2023	11	−8.55	0.14
ITS-EF sc 26.40	ITS/east/sec. #5/prof. #1	26.4	82.4	12–16 Jul 2022	15	−6.39	0.05
ITS-EF sc 26.40	ITS/east/sec. #5/prof. #1	26.4	82.4	4–10 Feb 2023	12	−6.69	0.07
ITS-EF sc 10.7	ITS/east/sec. #5/prof. #2	10.7	98.7	4–9 Feb 2023	12	−7.43	0.07
ITS-EF sc 19.9	ITS/east/sec. #5/prof. #2	19.9	108.9	2–19 Jul 2022	15	−7.08	0.03
ITS-EF sc 19.9	ITS/east/sec. #5/prof. #2	19.9	108.9	6–11 May 2023	10	−7.02	0.02
ITS-EF sc 19.9	ITS/east/sec. #5/prof. #2	19.9	108.9	24 Oct–8 Nov 2023	11	−7.47	0.10
ITS-EF sc 21.2	ITS/east/sec. #5/prof. #2	21.2	110.2	25 Oct–9 Nov 2023	12	−6.68	0.14
ITS-EF sc 29.2	ITS/east/sec. #5/prof. #3	29.2	118.2	25 Oct–9 Nov 2023	10	−7.32	0.11
ITS-EF sc 35.7	ITS/east/sec. #5/prof. #4	35.7	124.7	25 Oct–9 Nov 2023	8	−6.93	0.13
ITS-EF sc 35.7	ITS/east/sec. #5/prof. #4	35.7	124.7	9–16 Apr 2024	15	−6.98	0.36
ITS-EF sc 36.95	ITS/east/sec. #5/prof. #4	36.95	125.95	25 Oct–9 Nov 2023	8	−6.16	0.07
ITS-EF sc 47.9	ITS/east/sec. #5/prof. #4	47.9	136.9	4–9 Feb 2023	9	−5.85	0.04

δ¹⁸O_carb [VPDB, ‰]	±1 SD	δ¹⁸O_carb [VSMOW, ‰]	±1 SD	Δ_47-carb [I-CDES, ‰]	±1SE	±95% CL	T_47-carb [°C]^a	±1SE	±95% CL	δ¹⁸O_soil-w [VSMOW, ‰]^b	±1SD
−5.92	0.06	24.81	0.06	0.534	0.010	0.020	47.6	4.9	8.8	0.72	0.05
−5.91	0.07	24.82	0.07	0.553	0.011	0.022	40.0	5.0	9.1	−0.64	0.06
−6.01	0.04	24.72	0.04	0.562	0.005	0.010	36.3	2.9	4.4	−1.43	0.04
−6.06	0.05	24.67	0.05	0.559	0.008	0.015	37.6	3.7	6.2	−1.23	0.05
−6.08	0.03	24.65	0.03	0.550	0.009	0.018	40.9	4.3	7.6	−0.64	0.05
−6.15	0.05	24.58	0.05	0.564	0.008	0.016	35.6	3.7	6.3	−1.69	0.05
−5.94	0.10	24.80	0.10	0.567	0.007	0.014	34.4	3.4	5.7	−1.70	0.05
−6.11	0.12	24.62	0.12	0.569	0.011	0.021	33.9	4.6	8.2	−1.97	0.07
−5.84	0.06	24.90	0.06	0.546	0.009	0.017	42.6	4.1	7.1	−0.08	0.05
−6.02	0.06	24.71	0.06	0.568	0.006	0.011	34.1	3.0	4.7	−1.84	0.04
−6.01	0.03	24.73	0.03	0.553	0.009	0.017	39.9	4.1	7.1	−0.74	0.05
−5.99	0.04	24.75	0.04	0.557	0.009	0.018	38.4	4.1	7.2	−1.00	0.05
−6.03	0.12	24.71	0.12	0.510	0.009	0.018	58.2	5.0	8.9	2.42	0.04
−6.14	0.17	24.59	0.17	0.576	0.008	0.016	31.4	3.6	6.0	−2.48	0.06
−5.99	0.08	24.75	0.08	0.550	0.009	0.018	41.1	4.3	7.5	−0.51	0.05
−5.84	0.06	24.90	0.07	0.549	0.007	0.013	41.6	3.5	5.7	−0.27	0.04
−5.95	0.08	24.78	0.08	0.550	0.008	0.015	41.0	3.8	6.4	−0.48	0.05
−6.33	0.11	24.40	0.11	0.610	0.011	0.021	19.8	3.9	6.9	−5.00	0.10
−5.97	0.03	24.76	0.04	0.570	0.007	0.013	33.5	3.2	5.2	−1.91	0.05
−5.84	0.03	24.90	0.03	0.512	0.010	0.019	57.3	5.2	9.3	2.46	0.05
−5.81	0.08	24.94	0.08	0.561	0.012	0.023	36.9	5.0	9.1	−1.10	0.07
−4.54	0.05	26.24	0.05	0.571	0.009	0.017	33.1	3.9	6.7	−0.56	0.06
−4.52	0.07	26.26	0.07	0.569	0.007	0.014	33.9	3.4	5.6	−0.37	0.05
−5.46	0.05	25.30	0.05	0.562	0.012	0.024	36.6	5.2	9.4	−0.81	0.07
−4.47	0.08	26.31	0.08	0.527	0.009	0.018	50.7	4.6	8.0	2.72	0.05
−4.59	0.08	26.19	0.08	0.593	0.009	0.017	25.3	3.6	6.1	−2.14	0.07
−4.95	0.08	25.81	0.09	0.588	0.007	0.016	27.0	3.2	5.3	−2.17	0.06
−4.57	0.08	26.21	0.08	0.564	0.010	0.020	35.7	4.4	7.7	−0.09	0.06
−4.60	0.04	26.18	0.04	0.559	0.005	0.011	37.5	3.0	4.6	0.23	0.04
−4.77	0.06	26.00	0.06	0.596	0.009	0.018	24.4	3.8	6.5	−2.49	0.08
−4.55	0.05	26.23	0.06	0.607	0.014	0.028	20.5	5.0	9.3	−3.08	0.12
−5.44	0.06	25.31	0.07	0.574	0.012	0.023	31.8	4.7	8.5	−1.71	0.07
−5.41	0.04	25.35	0.04	0.517	0.010	0.019	54.9	4.9	8.8	2.50	0.04
−5.54	0.11	25.20	0.12	0.524	0.008	0.016	51.8	4.3	7.3	1.82	0.04
−4.13	0.04	26.67	0.04	0.569	0.008	0.015	33.9	3.6	6.1	0.02	0.05
−4.47	0.04	26.32	0.04	0.585	0.007	0.014	28.0	3.2	5.2	−1.47	0.06

ITS Italian section, sec. section, prof. profile, N number of replicates from the same sample powder, d1-d3 points of internal transect across the carbonate
^aSoil carbonate formation temperatures were calculated with the unified Anderson et al.⁹⁰ Δ₄₇–T calibration
^bOxygen isotope compositions of the soil water (=precipitation) was calculated from the Δ₄₇-based formation temperatures and the calcite-water fractionation factor of Kim and O’Neil¹⁰²

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Table 1 Carbon, oxygen and clumped isotope compositions of soil carbonates from mudstone paleosols of the Esplugafreda and Claret Formations, Esplugafreda sequence, Spain

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