Fig. 1: Research framework.

Conceptual framework proposes that AEC influences AER (H1), perceived severity (H2), and perceived vulnerability (H3). Ascription of responsibility subsequently affects both self-efficacy (H4) and response efficacy (H5). These cognitive assessments then drive HMI through perceived severity (H6), vulnerability (H7), self-efficacy (H8), response efficacy (H9), and cost (H10). The framework highlights two key moderators: past flood experience (H11-14) and average monthly income (H15-16), shown by dotted arrows.