Fig. 2: Final model with findings. | Communications Earth & Environment

Fig. 2: Final model with findings.

From: Perceived flood risk severity and response efficacy affect migration intentions in flood-prone regions of Klang Valley in Malaysia

Fig. 2

Conceptual framework with findings shows that AEC influences AER (0.427***), perceived severity (0.184**), and perceived vulnerability (0.149**). Ascription of responsibility subsequently affects both self-efficacy (0.103**) and response efficacy (0.236***). These cognitive assessments then drive HMI through perceived severity (0.259***), vulnerability (not significant), self-efficacy (not significant), response efficacy (0.172**), and cost (not significant). The framework highlights two key moderators: past flood experience (not significant) and average monthly income (H15. −0.129*; H16. not significant), shown by dotted arrows. Path coefficients are shown with their significance levels: ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05 (two-tailed tests). Non-significant paths are labeled NS (p ≥ 0.05).

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