Fig. 1: Reproduction of Arctic navigable areas by the CMIP6 models.

a–d show navigable areas for Polar Class 6 (PC6) ships, and e–h for Open Water (OW) ships. Thin lines represent navigable areas derived from individual CMIP6 models, while bold red and black lines indicate the results from the multi-model mean (MMM) and the reference dataset (REF), respectively.