Fig. 3: Paleoclimate variables across the Indus Valley Civilization Region during major drought events.

a–d Annual Temperature anomalies (°C) and ensemble-mean rainfall anomalies of e–h annual rainfall i–l summer rainfall (JJASON) and m–p winter (DJFMAM) rainfall derived from three transient climate simulations (TraCE-21ka, MPI, and TR6AV). Anomalies (%) are relative to the long-term mean of 5000–4500 years BP (PreH). Black dots show the location of Harappan sites during the given period, whereas the red line bounds the IVC region.