Fig. 4: CO2 emissions and contribution to temperature change of commercial aviation in Europe. | Communications Earth & Environment

Fig. 4: CO2 emissions and contribution to temperature change of commercial aviation in Europe.

From: Air traffic growth jeopardises European aviation’s climate mitigation efforts despite the substantial potential of hydrogen

Fig. 4

Results for 2024-2070 under the nine selected scenarios, which vary the air traffic volume with the level of aircraft (AC) technological improvements (indicated by the line colour: blue, orange, or red) and an evolving fuel mix (indicated by the line style: dashed, dash-dotted, or solid). The dotted black line represents the CO2 limit described by ICAO and IATA. a Total emissions, considering only CO2. b Temperature change from aviation based on CO2 emissions alone (saturated lines and dotted black line) and based on multiple climate forcers, notably including NOx and persistent contrails (desaturated lines).

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