Fig. 4: Schematic presentation of ocean-atmosphere interactions influencing southern African hydroclimate from the Late Miocene to the Holocene. | Communications Earth & Environment

Fig. 4: Schematic presentation of ocean-atmosphere interactions influencing southern African hydroclimate from the Late Miocene to the Holocene.

From: Benguela upwelling system triggered and intensified southern African aridification in the Late Miocene

Fig. 4

a ~11.7-10 Ma, (b) ~10-4.8 Ma, (c) ~4.8-3.7 Ma, (d) ~3.7-2 Ma, and (e) ~2 Ma to the Holocene. Yellow star represents our study site ODP 1087, fire symbols indicate fire activities51 and large mountain symbols in (a−e) indicate high elevation of Drakensberg Escarpment54. The boldness of the black arrows indicates the strength of the trade winds, whereas the boldness of the blue arrows illustrates the strength of the Benguela Current (BC). AgC Agulhas Current, AgR Agulhas Retroflection, AgL Agulhas Leakage, BC Benguela Current, AC Angola Current, SAF Subantarctic Front. Base map created using Google Earth (Map data ©2021 Google).

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