Fig. 1: Regional setting and seismic–well correlation for the Baiyun Slide area, northern South China Sea.

a Location of study area in the South China Sea. Black polygons and lines represent the coverage of seismic data and profiles used in this research, respectively. The locations of the shelf break are adapted from Zhuo et al. (2019). Grain-size distribution on the modern seafloor is based on data from Zhong et al. (2017) (marked by blue dots) and Wang et al. (2018, 2020) (marked by red dots). Multibeam data are from CNOOC. b Seismic-well integration at BY7-1-1, with correlation to coastal onlap and global sea-level changes21,31. Porosity, permeability, and grain size were estimated from well-log data by CNOOC. Biostratigraphic correlation was processed by CNOOC20. SWC Surface Water Currents, IWC Intermediate Water Currents, DWC-Deep Water Currents, SCS South China Sea, TW Taiwan, HI Hainan Island, VN-Vietnam, PH Philippines, LCGU Lower coarse-grained unit, UCGU Upper coarse-grained unit, FGU Fine-grained unit, CGL Coarse-grained layer, FGL Fine-grained layer.