Fig. 1: Spatial distribution and temporal evolution of six compound drought-heatwave events.
From: Variations in land-atmosphere coupling during drought-heatwave events
a JJA mean TMAXanom (K) based on ERA5-Land. Non-hatched areas indicate regions exceeding two standard deviations of TMAX based on the 30-year JJA record. Black contours represent JJA mean GPHanom (gpm) based on the ERA5 dataset, with contour values varying across panels. b JJA mean SManom (m3 m−3; color) based on the reference data. The dotted areas represent regions where the temporal correlation of SManom during JJA among the three different land surface analysis datasets is statistically significant (p < 0.05) for all dataset pairs (i.e., GLEAM and GLDAS; GLEAM and ERA5-Land; ERA5-Land and GLDAS). Overlaid gray shading shows JJA mean PRanom (mm day−1), displaying only positive precipitation anomalies. c Lead-lag time series of TMAXanom (magenta solid line), SManom (green solid lines), and LHFanom (cyan solid lines) within a 31-day time window, area-averaged over the non-hatched areas shown in (a). Each variable is standardized based on its mean and standard deviation during the 31-day time window. The abscissa indicates the days relative to the peak day of the heatwave (day 0; marked with a gray line). Light (bold) colored lines for SManom and LHFanom correspond to individual (reference) land surface analysis datasets.
