Fig. 4: The reconstructed trajectory of Chang’E-3, Chang’E-4 and Chang’E-5.

a The reconstructed trajectory of the frames selected from the complete descent image sequence and b the computed 3D scene. c The landing zone captured from LROC quick-map website (https://quickmap.lroc.asu.edu). The rectangles in b and c represent the same area. a1, b1, c1 are Chang’E-4 trajectory. a2, b2, and c2 are Chang’E-3 trajectory. a3, b3, and c3 are Chang’E-5 trajectory. The linked rectangles represent the same area and the red cross is the landing site. CE3, CE4, and CE5 are short for Chang’E-3, Chang’E-4 and Chang’E-5.