Fig. 1: Location of proxy records used in the study.

The study includes West Mediterranean pollen records (green squares), West-Central African pollen records (orange triangles), dust% and 230Th-normalized dust flux records (red dots), δD leaf wax records (blue diamonds) and the Humidity Index record (black square). The Fig. 2 and Supplementary Fig. 5 employ the same color-coding for the records of each proxy. Gray arrows represent the wind directions of the westerlies, northeast trade winds (NETW), African Easterly Jet (AEJ) and southeast trade winds (SETW). The shaded gray line shows the recent average position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ).