Fig. 1: Theoretical and technical framework linking ecological resilience and ecosystem services for spatial conservation planning.

The framework integrates resilience assessment (middle left panel) and ecosystem service assessment (middle right panel) to prioritize areas for management. The lower left panel illustrates four color-coded quadrants representing combinations of service capacity, service trends, and resilience dynamics: green = high capacity with service increase and resilience gain; yellow = high capacity with service decrease and resilience loss; orange = low capacity with service increase and resilience gain; red = low capacity with service decrease and resilience loss. These quadrants define priority features that guide three conservation scenarios—service priority, resilience priority, and balanced priority—used to generate spatially explicit priority maps.