Table 1 List of potential risk indicators for parasite infection status used in regression analysis and related variables.

Animal characteristics

Animal species

Categorical

2 categories (Cat; Dog)

Animals

Age class

Categorical

3 categories (<5 year; 5–15 years; >15 years)

Animals

Sex

Categorical

2 categories (Male; Female)

Animals

Neuter

Categorical

2 categories (Yes; No)

Animals

Bioclimatic factors

Annual mean temperature

Continuous

The annual mean of monthly average temperature indicated by city (in °C; BIO 1)

Worldclim database¹⁶

Annual precipitation

Continuous

The sum of all total monthly precipitation indicated by city (in mm; BIO 12)

Worldclim database¹⁶

Husbandry

Environment

Categorical

2 categories (Rural area: mainly vegetated environment; Urban area: mainly surrounded by buildings)

Animals

Household

Categorical

2 categories (Apartment; House with garden)

Animals

Socio-economic factors

Human population density

Continuous

Human population in 2019 density indicated by city (in estimated numbers of individuals/km²)

World pop data¹⁷

Human population

Continuous

Human population in 2019 indicated per country/territory (in estimated individual counts)

World Bank data¹⁷

Cat population

Continuous

Population of cats per country/territory in 2018 (in estimated individual counts)

The Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health animal census 2018

Dog population

Continuous

Population of dogs per country/territory in 2018 (in estimated individual counts)

The Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health animal census 2018

Pet–human population ratio

Continuous

A ratio between pet (cats and dogs) population and human population indicated by country/territory

Calculated from cat, dog, and human populations

Human life expectancy

Continuous

Life expectancy of the population at birth in 2017, indicated by country/territory (in years)

World Bank data¹⁸