Fig. 5: The selected top disease biomarkers acquired from the training set. | Communications Medicine

Fig. 5: The selected top disease biomarkers acquired from the training set.

From: Quantitative proteomics and phosphoproteomics of urinary extracellular vesicles define putative diagnostic biosignatures for Parkinson’s disease

Fig. 5

a The training set’s heatmap of top potential protein and phosphoprotein biomarkers (Training set: 15 HC, 9 NMC, 19 iPD, and 14 LRRK2 PD). b The heatmap of top potential protein and phosphoprotein biomarkers on the test set (Test set: 6 HC, 4 NMC, 9 iPD, and 6 LRRK2 PD). c The table summary of the top disease biomarkers. d Violin plots of the statistically upregulated proteins and phosphoproteins from the training set in PD regardless of the LRRK2-G2019S mutation (disease markers). The heatmap was clustered by Euclidean distance and average method. The unpaired two-sample Wilcoxon test p-values and the one-way ANOVA p-value were calculated on each of the violin plots. The red stars above the violin plots indicate a statistically significant difference in the mean compared to those without the red star (p-value < 0.05). For the lines in box plots inside the violin plots: the line inside the box is the 50th percentile (median), the bottom and top of the box are the 25th and 75th percentiles, and the whiskers are the 95% confidence interval.

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