Fig. 2: Potential effect modifiers of lifestyle, diet, and diet supplements intervention on the incidence of T2D.

General overview of potential effect modifiers of lifestyle (a), dietary (b), and supplement (c) interventions on the incidence of type 2 diabetes. The Y axes indicate potential effect modifiers, and the X axes illustrate the total number of trial participants included in the studies investigating each modifier. The proportion of gray or white in each bar indicates the number of trial participants included in the studies where there was (gray) or was not (white) an effect by the effect modifier. Caution is warranted because whether an effect modifier did (or did not) have an effect is based on statistical significance from the publication’s summary statistics. It is improbable that the effect modifier strictly did (or did not) have an effect on every participant included in that publication. The number of trials and trial participants are plotted because some trials (e.g., DPP) had multiple studies published using the same participants, so that the participant number would be heavily skewed. There was no instance where the same trial had multiple published studies evaluating the same effect modifier showing different results (e.g., there was no difference between sexes on the PREDIMED trial’s effect on T2D incidence in their primary vs. subgroup studies/publications). The number at the end of each bar represents the number of trials for each potential effect modifier. *indicates an exception for genetics because the effect modifiers (SNPs or GRS) were all uniquely distinct but are presented together under the categories of “SNP” or “GRS” here.