Fig. 3: Clinical course of brain tumor disease in patients with glioma and concurrent multiple sclerosis.

a Percentage of patients with or without glioma-caused neurological symptoms leading to initial tumor diagnosis in patients with concurrent multiple sclerosis (MS) or matched controls (ctl) depending on tumoral isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (IDH) mutation status. b Time between radiological tumor suspicion and subsequent histological diagnosis. Depicted are single and mean values with SEM (IDH-mut MS n = 10; IDH-mut ctl n = 12; IDH-wt MS n = 6; IDH-wt ctl n = 7). c Tumor size as detected by MRI at the time of histological diagnosis in patients with concurrent multiple sclerosis or matched controls depending on tumoral IDH mutation status. Displayed are the products of the two largest perpendicular diameters (cm²) in axial FLAIR or contrast-enhanced T1 images for IDH-mutant astrocytomas WHO grade 2 and IDH-wildtype glioblastomas, respectively. Depicted are mean values with SEM and min to max (IDH-mut MS n = 8; IDH-mut ctl n = 8; IDH-wt MS n = 2; IDH-wt ctl n = 7). d Percentage of patients receiving tumor biopsy, partial, or complete resection. e Type of adjuvant tumor therapy depending on concurrent multiple sclerosis diagnosis and IDH mutation status. f Kaplan–Meier analysis of progression-free survival (PFS) after primary tumor treatment depending on IDH status and concurrent multiple sclerosis diagnosis (IDH-mut MS n = 12; IDH-mut ctl n = 12; IDH-wt MS n = 7; IDH-wt ctl n = 7).