Table 2 Logistic regression models for ranking genetics, healthcare, income and wealth, or social support as one of the three most important determinants of health

From: Perceptions of the determinants of health across income and urbanicity levels in eight countries

 

Model 1: Genetics

Model 2: Healthcare

Model 3: Income and wealth

Model 4: Social Support

Characteristic

OR [95% CI]

p value

OR [95% CI]

p value

OR [95% CI]

p value

OR [95% CI]

p value

Country

United States

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Brazil

0.39 [0.30, 0.50]

<0.001

1.54 [1.21, 1.95]

<0.001

0.74 [0.57, 0.95]

0.019

0.73 [0.56, 0.95]

0.021

China

0.57 [0.41, 0.78]

<0.001

0.41 [0.31, 0.53]

<0.001

1.50 [1.14, 1.98]

0.004

0.85 [0.61, 1.19]

0.337

Egypt

0.40 [0.31, 0.52]

<0.001

0.83 [0.66, 1.04]

0.105

0.81 [0.63, 1.04]

0.102

0.83 [0.64, 1.07]

0.141

Germany

0.75 [0.59, 0.94]

0.012

0.62 [0.50, 0.78]

<0.001

1.21 [0.95, 1.53]

0.119

1.05 [0.83, 1.34]

0.661

India

0.40 [0.31, 0.54]

<0.001

0.95 [0.75, 1.20]

0.673

1.17 [0.91, 1.51]

0.225

0.86 [0.65, 1.13]

0.265

Indonesia

0.37 [0.27, 0.49]

<0.001

0.76 [0.59, 0.99]

0.041

0.56 [0.41, 0.76]

<0.001

1.09 [0.83, 1.43]

0.533

Nigeria

0.46 [0.36, 0.60]

<0.001

1.58 [1.26, 1.99]

<0.001

1.36 [1.08, 1.72]

0.010

0.69 [0.53, 0.90]

0.006

Gender

Woman

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Man

0.90 [0.77, 1.04]

0.155

0.84 [0.74, 0.96]

0.010

1.28 [1.11, 1.47]

<0.001

0.93 [0.81, 1.08]

0.371

Age (years)

18−34

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

35−49

1.17 [1.00, 1.38]

0.055

1.09 [0.94, 1.25]

0.251

0.93 [0.80, 1.08]

0.325

0.93 [0.79, 1.09]

0.384

50−64

1.22 [0.96, 1.54]

0.100

1.11 [0.90, 1.39]

0.328

0.89 [0.70, 1.13]

0.331

1.09 [0.86, 1.37]

0.492

65 and older

1.78 [1.38, 2.31]

<0.001

0.86 [0.67, 1.10]

0.223

0.76 [0.57, 1.01]

0.062

1.06 [0.79, 1.41]

0.711

Income group

Highest income

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Upper-middle income

0.69 [0.53, 0.89]

0.005

1.08 [0.85, 1.38]

0.512

1.27 [1.00, 1.61]

0.051

0.95 [0.73, 1.26]

0.738

Middle income

0.68 [0.54, 0.87]

0.002

1.12 [0.90, 1.39]

0.299

1.27 [1.01, 1.59]

0.037

0.84 [0.66, 1.07]

0.161

Lower-middle income

0.62 [0.48, 0.78]

<0.001

1.08 [0.88, 1.34]

0.456

1.24 [1.00, 1.53]

0.051

1.06 [0.84, 1.34]

0.638

Lowest income

0.70 [0.54, 0.89]

0.004

1.04 [0.84, 1.28]

0.733

1.16 [0.93, 1.44]

0.179

1.09 [0.86, 1.36]

0.480

Education

College/university degree or more

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Secondary school

0.97 [0.80, 1.17]

0.728

1.11 [0.94, 1.30]

0.209

0.86 [0.73, 1.02]

0.091

1.21 [1.01, 1.44]

0.037

Less than secondary school/no formal education

0.95 [0.79, 1.16]

0.635

0.56 [0.47, 0.66]

<0.001

0.87 [0.74, 1.04]

0.121

1.52 [1.26, 1.84]

<0.001

Area of residence by urbanicity

Urban

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Non-Urban

1.06 [0.91, 1.24]

0.474

0.86 [0.76, 0.99]

0.032

0.84 [0.73, 0.97]

0.017

1.20 [1.03, 1.39]

0.018

  1. Responses with missing data on income (1123), education (787), and urban status (445) were removed (N = 7630). Predictors for both models were demographic variables and country. The rankings reflect a composite of the first, second, or third choice for important health determinants for health. Results were weighted to adjust for age and gender.
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