Fig. 1: Preeclampsia Biomarker Temporal Detection.
From: Biomarkers and point of care screening approaches for the management of preeclampsia
Derived from Sub-Level I of categories A, B, and C from Table 1, this chart delineates the detection periods of various preeclampsia biomarkers throughout gestation. The x-axis represents gestational weeks (0–40, trimester 1:weeks 0–12; trimester 2: weeks 13–26, and trimester 3: weeks 27–40), while the y-axis lists specific biomarkers according to their Level A (established, blue text), Level B (emerging, green text) and Level C (promising, red text). Biomarkers are color-coded as follows: green for the 1st trimester, orange spanning the 1st to 2nd trimester, blue from the 2nd to 3rd trimester, and pink for the 3rd trimester. Notably, the expansive yellow bar for KIR-AA(maternal)/HLA-C(fetal) and progesterone receptor polymorphisms indicates genetic/epigenetic testing that could be applied across all pregnancy stages. At the side of the chart, biomarkers detectable in the 1st and 1st to 2nd trimesters are categorized by their respective pathogenic pathways. Abbreviations: TNF: tumor necrosis factor; IL: interleukin; HIF: Hypoxia-inducible factor; HLA: human leukocyte antigen; PAPP-A: pregnancy associated plasma protein A; KIR-AA: killer immunoglobulin-like receptor AA genotype;; miR: microRNA; sFlt: soluble Fms like tyrosine; PlGF: placental growth factor; sEng: Soluble endoglin; PRPs: progesterone receptor (PR) polymorphisms; NO: nitric oxide; PP13: Placental protein 13.
