Table 1 The table showcases our proposed hierarchy of biomarkers for preeclampsia, based on the robustness of evidence

From: Biomarkers and point of care screening approaches for the management of preeclampsia

 

I

II

III

A

1. sFlt-1 (angio)

2. PlGF (angio)

3. NO (angio)

4. Renin (RAAS)

5. Uric acid (RAAS)

6. TNF-α (inflam)

7. IL-6 (inflam)

8. Insulin (endocrine)

9. PAPP-A (fetal)

1. VEGF (angio.)

2. eNOS (angio.)

3. ANG II (RAAS)

4. ACE (RAAS)

5. IL-10 (inflam.)

6. IFN-γ (inflam.)

7. E2 (endocrine)

8. Progesterone (endocrine)

9. hCG (endocrine)

10. T4 (endocrine)

11. TSH (endocrine)

1. Soluble p-selectin, ADMA, activin-A (angio)

2. ANG-1, ANG (1-7), aldosterone, ANG, B2 receptors, AT1-AA, MAS mRNA (RAAS)

3. IL-8 (inflam)

4. Testosterone, androgen, T3, α2-antiplasmin, inhibin-A, SHBG (endocrine)

5. Notch family (genetic)

6. cf fetal DNA, α-fetoprotein (fetal)

B

1. sVEGFR-1 (angio)

2. sEng (angio)

3. HIF-1α (angio)

4. PP13 (inflam)

5. KIR-AA and fetal HLA-C (genetic)

1. Ang-1 (angio)

2. Ang-2 (angio)

3. IL-1β (inflam)

4. IL-18 (inflam)

5. sHLA-G (inflam)

6. VEGF polym. (genetic)

7. STOX1 (genetic)

8. cf-RNAs (epigenetic)

9. Amyloid protein (fetal)

10. PZP (fetal)

1. sVEGFR-2 (angio)

2. sKDR (angio)

3. TGF-β1 (angio)

4. TGF-β2 (angio)

5. SDMA (angio)

6. Tie-2 (angio)

7. sFlt polymorphisms (genetic)

C

1. Progesterone polym. (genetic)

2. miR-17 (epigenetic)

3. miR-20a (epigenetic)

4. miR-20b (epigenetic)

5. miR-31 (epigenetic)

6. miR-155 (epigenetic)

7. miR-125b (epigenetic)

1. HtrA3 (angio)

2. Asprosin (endocrine)

3. Betatrophin (endocrine)

4. miR-214 (epigenetic)

5. miR-558 (epigenetic)

6. CircHIPK3 (epigenetic)

7. GlyFn (inflam.)

 
  1. Level A (established) biomarkers have been investigated for their role in PE since before 2000, and represent substantial evidence accumulated over the years. Level B (emerging) biomarkers have been investigated for their PE connection between 2000–2010, and represent moderate evidence, that may evolve over the next few years. Level C (promising) biomarkers are still in their relative infancy, and have shown early-stage potential for PE pathogenesis. More details about the sub-levels (I, II and III) can be found in Supplementary Fig. 2. angio angiogenic, inflam inflammatory, polym polymorphism.
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